THE ALLEGED HISTORICAL ANARCHISM IN QURAN AS CLAIMED BY ORIENTALISTS AND ATHEISTSD,ITS ANALYSIS AND REFUTATION

THE ALLEGED HISTORICAL ANARCHISM IN QURAN AS CLAIMED BY ORIENTALISTS AND ATHEISTSD,ITS ANALYSIS AND REFUTATION

1: According to Surah 12:20,
“[Joseph’s] brethren sold him for a miserable price, for a few dirhams counted out: in such low estimation did they hold him!”
According to orientalists and atheists,the problem with this claim is that dirham did not exist prior to the twelfth century B.C and Qur’an makes the claim that Joseph was sold into slavery using a currency that had not yet been invented — and would not be invented until seven centuries later.The answer to this question is following:
Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period(It ran from 664 BC until 332 BC) , they did use a type of money-barter system, with standard sacks of grain and the deben, a weight of roughly 91 grams (3 oz) of copper or silver, forming a common denominator. So silver dirhams were used in ancient Egypt and the objection is false.Quran calls these silver or copper debens as dirhams as in ancient times,dirhams were also made of silver or gold coins.In ancient Egypt a shirt cost five copper deben, while a cow cost 140 deben.
From the Middle Kingdom date also deben weight units used for metals, referred to as copper deben and gold deben, the former being about twice as heavy (c. 23.7 grams) as the latte.The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt between circa 2050 BC and 1800 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the impulse of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. Some scholars also include the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt wholly into this period as well, in which case the Middle Kingdom would finish c. 1650, while others only include it until Merneferre Ay c. 1700 BC, last king of this dynasty to be attested in both Upper and Lower Egypt.
During the fifth century BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad. At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money, but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coinage.
While Abraham came between 3800 B.C to 2000 B.C and Joseph still after him,so silver,gold or copper dirhams in form of debens were being used in the time of Joseph as history has shown above.And according to some historians,the era of biblical nimrod is after 2250 B.C.It is the era in which Abraham came and Joseph was his grandson.So the era of Joseph A.S is after 2000 B.C. and it is the time during which the usage of gold,silver and copper debens had started in ancient Egypt.So the Quran narration of gold or silver deben as dirham is well supported by the archaeology.

(2)وَلَقَدْ اٰتَيْنَا دَاوُوْدَ مِنَّا فَضْلًا ۖ يَا جِبَالُ اَوِّبِىْ مَعَهٝ وَالطَّيْـرَ ۖ وَاَلَنَّا لَـهُ الْحَدِيْدَ (10)

Did David Produce Chain Mail? According to Surah 34:10-11,
“We bestowed Grace aforetime on David from ourselves: ‘O ye Mountains! Sing ye back the Praises of Allah with him! and ye birds also! And We made the iron soft for him;- Commanding, ‘Make thou coats of mail, balancing well the rings of chain armor, and work ye righteousness; for be sure I see clearly all that ye do.’”
According to orientalists and atheists,the problem is that chain mail was first invented by the Celts in the fifth century B.C. But David lived in the tenth century B.C.But this is a lie.
The earliest example of surviving mail was found in a chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts,but according to historians,mail may have been inspired by the much earlier scale armour.
Horses covered with scale armour are mentioned in the ancient Chinese book of poetry Shi Jing, which is several thousand years old.The Classic of Poetry, also Shijing or Shih-ching, translated variously as the Book of Songs, Book of Odes, or simply known as the Odes or Poetry (Chinese: 詩; pinyin: Shī) is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC. It is one of the "Five Classics" traditionally said to have been compiled by Confucius, and has been studied and memorized by scholars in China and neighboring countries over two millennia. Since the Qing dynasty, its rhyme patterns have also been analysed in the study of Old Chinese phonology.Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably existed around 1000 BCE.The Tel Dan Stele, an inscribed stone erected by a king of Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate his victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase ביתדוד‎, bytdwd, which most scholars translate as "House of David".The Mesha Stele from Moab, dating from approximately the same period, may also contain the name David in two places, although this is less certain than the mention in the Tel Dan inscription.So the existence of Prophet David is supported by history.Quran never tells us that chain mill was invented by Prophet David A.S but it describes the use of iron and chain mill by Prophet David and it is well supported by the history as history has shown that the chain mill was in use before David and Prophet David also used it in his wars and the description of its usage by Prophet David as mentioned in Quran is in accordance with the history.Quran is very right in its narration of chain mail.
(3) Was Crucifixion Practiced in Ancient Egypt? According to Surah 12:41 and Surah 20:71,
the method of execution by crucifixion was practiced, during the time of Joseph and Moses respectively, by the Egyptians. The former lived during the nineteenth century B.C., and the latter lived during the 13th century B.C. According to orientalists and atheists,this mode of execution was first invented by the Persians in the sixth century B.C., well after the time of both Moses and Joseph.This is a more lie.
According to historians,the crucifixion, originated with the Assyrians and Babylonians, it was used systematically by the Persians in the 6th century BC .Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state,until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age.The babylon was founded in 2300 BC and
Abandoned in AD 1000.So Assyrians and Babylonians may have used it before ancient Egyptians and Quran is not wrong.So Assyrians and Babylonians may have been using crucifixion before the era of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Moses.So while quran describes its practice in the era of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Moses,it is not against history.Although the ancient Jewish historian Josephus, as well as other sources,[which?] refers to the crucifixion of thousands of people by the Romans, there is only a single archaeological discovery of a crucified body dating back to the Roman Empire around the time of Jesus. This was discovered at Givat HaMivtar, Jerusalem in 1968. It is not necessarily surprising that there is only one such discovery, because a crucified body was usually left to decay on the cross and therefore would not be preserved. The only reason these archaeological remains were preserved was because family members gave this particular individual a customary burial.Although history has still not found much detsils of the Assyrians and Babylonians,but still it has suggested that crucifixion was practiced by the Assyrians and Babylonians.So Quranic description of crucifixion in the time of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Moses is not against history.The history also says that crucifixion was practiced in ancient Egypt.Assoc. Professor of New Testament and Archeology, Covenant Theological Seminary in Saint Louis, David Chapman writes:
“Studies often associate the inception of crucifixion in antiquity with the Persians; and indeed sources frequently testify to acts of suspension under Persian rule. However, it should be noted that: (1) This testimony is largely found in later Greek and Latin sources (thus stemming from a Hellenistic viewpoint of history), (2) as remarked in chapter one, the terminology employed by these sources is rarely sufficient in itself definitively to determine that “crucifixion” was employed as opposed some other form of suspension, and other ancient peoples in Europe, Egypt, and Asia were said to crucify as well.” Noted Christian scholar and interpreter of the New Testament, William Barclay writes:
“The custom of crucifixion was widespread. We find it in Egypt, Phoenicia, Carthage, Persia, Assyria, Scythia and even India;”
Markus Adams writes:
“Crucifixion was really nothing new. Some historians believe that it dates back to ancient Egypt and Assyria.” It was practiced as far back as Mesopotamia:
Crucifixion in Carthage was established by the Phoenicians as a method of execution, which was applied to the generals who suffered a major defeat.Crucifixion is the act of nailing, binding or impaling a living victim or sometimes a dead person to a cross, stake or a tree, whether for executing the body or for exposing the corpse. Crucifixion was intended to serve as both a severe punishment and a frightful deterrent to others. It was unanimously considered the most horrible form of death.The first thing to establish is whether there exists any hieroglyph that mentions impaling people on stakes. The best place to start is Die Sprache Der Pharaonen Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch, a concise Egyptian-German dictionary. The hieroglyph depicting impalement on a stake is shown below.A recent edition of Die Sprache Der Pharaonen Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch gives even more information on the hieroglyphs showing impalement as seen below.This is the clearest example that people in ancient Egypt were crucified by impalement on stakes. Papyrus Boulaq 18 is dated to the early Second Intermediate Period reign of Chendjer / Sobekhotep II; both of them kings from the 13th Dynasty. The account in Papyrus Boulaq is given below
a blood bath (?) had occurred with (by?) wood (?) ... the comrade was put on the stake, land near the island ...; waking alive at the places of life, safety and health ...
Amenophis IV or Akhenaten was known as the Heretic King. He was the tenth king of the 18th Dynasty in the New Kingdom Period. Following is an interesting stela showing the Nubian prisoners of war being impaled.
List (of the enemy belonging to) Ikayta: living Nehesi 80+ ?; ... | ... their (chiefs?) 12; total number of live captives 145; those who were impaled ... | ... total 225; beasts 361
Sethos I belonged to the 19th Dynasty in the New Kingdom Period. His rule preceded the rule of Ramesses II.
Now as for any superintendent of cattle, any superintendent of donkeys, any herdsman belonging to the Temple of Menmare Happy in Abydos, who shall sell of any beast belonging to the Temple of Menmare Happy in Abydos to someone else; likewise whoever may cause it to be offered on some other document, and it not be offered to Osiris his master in the Temple of Menmare Happy in Abydos; the law shall be executed against him, by condemning him, impaled on the stake, along with forfeiting(?) his wife, his children and all his property to the Temple of Menmare Happy in Abydos,
Ancient Egypt was known for some of the worst kinds of capital punishments. The ancient Egyptians understood the necessary deterrent that these punishments provided. It appears that punishment in ancient Egypt became more severe with the times, especially with the advent of the New Kingdom Period. The punishments in the New Kingdom Period were very brutal and included beatings, mutilation, impalement, and being treated as a slave. The Lexikon Der Ägyptologie - an encyclopaedia of Egyptology, gives a brief overview of the different forms of punishment in Egypt under the heading "Strafen" (i.e., punishment / penalties). It says:
Decrees and trial documents, in the latter particularly from oath formulas, have given us the following judicial punishments. Physical punishments, as the most severe for capital crimes ... the death penalty by impaling, burning, drowning, beheading or being eating by wild animals. Only the King or the Vizier had the right to impose such punishment. High ranking personalities were granted by the King to commit suicide.
Physical punishments were also mutilation punishments by cutting off hands, tongue, nose and or ears, castration as well as beatings in the form of 100 or 200 strokes, often with 5 bleeding wounds, occasionally with 10 burn marks. Sometimes also the part of the body, e.g. the soles of the feet, which had to be beaten.
Frequently there were prison sentences in addition to physical punishments, such as exile to Kusch, to the Great Oasis or to Sile, with the obligation of forced labour as mine worker or stone mason as well as loss of assets. Women were banished to live in the outbuildings at the back of the house. Prison sentences as we know them were unknown. There were just remand prison for the accused and witnesses for serious crimes before and during the trial. Abuse of office was punished by loss of office and transfer to manual work۔
The majority of scholars say that Joseph entered Egypt during the time of the Hyksos. The Hyksos belonged to a group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics who infiltrated Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and became rulers of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. They formed the 15th and 16th Dynasties(between 1674-1553 B.C).
What is interesting to note is that the earliest available evidence of the occurrence of crucifixion in ancient Egypt is seen in Papyrus Boulaq 18 from the time of Sobekhotep II / Chendjer of the 13th Dynasty in the Second Intermediate Period. Joseph, according to majority of scholars, entered Egypt during the rule of the Hyksos who formed the 15th and 16th Dynasties in the Second Intermediate Period. This means that crucifixion happened in Egypt even before Joseph entered Egypt.
Crucifixion also happened before Moses came to Egypt, during the Amenophis IV (Akhenaten). It also happened after the event of Exodus as seen in the papyri related to the Great Tomb Robberies of the 20th Dynasty. This completely refutes the claim of the Christian missionaries that the mention of crucifixion in the Qur'an during the time of Joseph and Moses is historically inaccurate.
Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied, nailed, or otherwise attached to a large wooden beam and left to hang for several days until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion
Crucifixion was an ancient method of execution practiced in the Roman Empire and neighboring Mediterranean cultures, such as the Persian Empire, where a person was nailed to a large wooden cross or stake and left to hang until dead.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Crucifixion
Two methods were followed in the infliction of the punishment of crucifixion. In both of these the criminal was first of all usually stripped naked, and bound to an upright stake, where he was so cruelly scourged with an implement, formed of strips of leather having pieces of iron, or some other hard material, at their ends, that not merely was the flesh often stripped from the bones, but even the entrails partly protruded, and the anatomy of the body was disclosed. In this pitiable state he was reclothed, and, if able to do so, was made to drag the stake to the place of execution, where he was either fastened to it, or impaled upon it, and left to die. In this method, where a single stake was employed, we have the crux simplex of Lipsius. The other method is that with which we are more familiar, and which is described in the New Testament account of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. In such a case, after the scourging at the stake, the criminal was made to carry a gibbet, formed of two transverse bars of wood, to the place of execution, and he was then fastened to it by iron nails driven through the outstretched arms and through the ankles. Sometimes this was done as the cross lay on the ground, and it was then lifted into position. In other cases the criminal was made to ascend by a ladder, and was then fastened to the cross. Probably the feebleness, or state of collapse, from which the criminal must often have suffered, had much to do in deciding this.
https://afterall.net/…/the-encyclopedia-britannica-on-the-…/
So the method of punishment used by the ancient Egyptians is also crucifixion as described under the definition of crucifixion by wikipedia,new encyclopedia and encyclopedia Britannica and the Christians and atheists are thoroughly wrong when they don't accept it as crucifixion and impalement also includes crucifixion according to their definition.
They further say that An Arabic Dictionary entitled “Al Mua’jam Al Waseet” or “The Mediator Encyclopedia” – May, 1972, Volume 1, Second edition says the following:
“Al Saleeb” or “Crucifixion” … The strong … and – the crucified … all that is of a shape of two lines crossed together whether wood or metal and what is crucified on it… (Page 519, underline emphasis ours)
Clearly, the Arabic word for crucifixion requires the use of more than one stick. The Arabic term used in the Qur’an refers clearly to a geometric cross and not a pole, a stake, or a tree.But they are again wrong.While this arabic dictionary is calling crucifixion as being hanged on the geometric cross,the Quran description of the Pharaoh as the lord of stakes clearly shows that by crucifixion Quran also includes impalement and not merely the traditional method of being hanged on the geometric cross like hanging.So when Quran calls Pharaoh as the lord of stakes and Egyptian history also confirms it and the definition of crucifixion by the above mentioned three sites also includes nailing and impalement,then how Christians and atheists deny the historical evidence of crucifixion described in Quran.
They further say that the term al-awtadi is used in two passages of Quran to denote a “stake”. It is also noteworthy that the only other appearance of this word in the Qur’an occurs in Surah 78:7: “And the mountains as pegs [Arabic awtadan]?” So, since the Arabic language has a term for a “stake”, why does the Qur’an use the termssalaba / sallaba which indicates crucifixion on a cross, rather than impalement on a stake?The answer to this question is very simple.While Quran calls Pharaoh as the lord of stakes(ذوالاوتاد),it describes the punishment by impalement and nails by Pharaoh and this impalement is also included in crucifixion as we have stated above after describing three definitions of crucifixion.Quran has used both words,the lord of stakes and stakes and also crucifixion as the punishment by the stakes.So objection is thoroughly wrong.
They further say that early Islamic commentators dont consider the meaning of the word ذوالاوتاد as the lord of stakes.They say that not one of these scholars had the notion that Pharaoh fastened people on those sticks or impaled them with these sticks as punishment.The commentary of Quran is written according to available knowledge and possible interpretation.While early scholars interpreted the term as punishment by sticks,the actual word by word meaning of ذوالاوتاد is man of stakes and if we compare it to method of punishment used in ancient Egypt in those times,it comes to our knowledge that Quran may have meant this and this interpretation is well supported by the present knowledge of Egyptology.
When we read Surah 7:124: Be sure I will cut off your hands and your feet on apposite sides, and I will cause you all to die on the cross.After cutting off a victim’s hands and feet, it would be very difficult to fasten the victim to four stakes. The ropes would slip off.According to us,after cutting hands and feet on opposite sides,the victim was put on two stakes,with one stake horizontally and other vertically with feet tied together to one stake and hands tied to either end of other stake.They say that Prophet Muhammad destroyed anything that he saw depicting a geometric cross.He ordered to destroy cross to omit any resemblance to Christians who had wrongly made the cross as their sign.The Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade the practice of cutting tails and manes of horses, branding animals at any soft spot, and unnecessarily keeping horses saddled. So Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h also forbade killing by the naiing and torture.
So if Quran describes its practice in the era of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Moses,then it is not against history.

References:

http://www.islamic-awareness.org/…/Co…/External/crucify.html
www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ancient_Egypt
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deben_(unit)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_armour
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14750495
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia
www.bible-history.com/biblestudy/crucifixion.html